非遗级别：国家级 Intangible cultural heritage level: National批准时间：2008年6月7日 Approval date: June 7th, 2008
申报地区：黑龙江省大兴安岭地区 Declaration area: the Greater Khingan area, Heilongjiang Province
遗产类别：传统音乐 Category: Traditional Music
01 历史渊源 Historical Origin
02 音乐类型 Music type
鄂伦春族民歌按照题材可以分为六大类：狩猎歌、山歌、酒歌、民俗歌、情歌、新民歌。狩猎歌表现了猎人们勇武性格和狩猎生活。如：《打红围》1是一首猎民在出猎之前和亲人以对唱形式演唱的狩猎歌，表达了妻子对丈夫的祝福，丈夫对妻子真挚情感。情歌在鄂伦春民歌中占有很大的比重，其中既有鄂伦春族人对爱情热烈的追求，也有对包办婚姻率直的控诉和反抗。如情歌《探心》，歌中反映出姑娘们在择偶时相较于物质财富而更看重人品。Oroqen folk songs can be divided into six categories according to their themes: hunting songs, mountain songs, drinking songs, custom songs, love songs and new folk songs.Hunting songs show the brave character and hunting life of the Oroqen hunters. For example, “Dahongwei1” is a hunting song sung by hunters and his wife in duet form before hunting, expressing the wife’s blessing to her husband and the husband’s love for his wife.Love songs occupy a large proportion in Oroqen folk songs, including both the passionate pursuit of love and the blunt accusation and resistance to arranged marriage. For instance, the love song “Exploring the Heart” reflects that girls value character more than material wealth when choosing their husbands.
03 歌词特点 Lyric Features
赞达仁的歌词有些是即兴编创的，有的仅用“那耶希那耶”等虚词演唱。赞达仁歌词的表现手法丰富多彩，有比喻、夸张、设问手法等，并以高山、树木、动物来比兴和喻示人生或人格，这与民族历史，生存环境，生产方式等因素有密切的联系。Some of Zandaren’ s lyrics are improvised, while others are sung using only function words like “Nayexinaye”. The expression techniques of Zandaren’s lyrics are full of variety, including metaphors, exaggerations, rhetoric questions, etc.. Additionally, the lyrics use mountains, trees and animals to metaphorically illustrate life or personality, which is closely related to national history, living environment, production mode and other factors.
04 传承价值 Inheritance Value
鄂伦春族民歌通过世代口口相传弥补了鄂伦春族人没有文字记载历史的缺憾，它以艺术的方式呈现了鄂伦春原始狩猎时代的社会生活状况，为民族学、民俗学、人类学、民族宗教学、民间艺术等方面的研究提供了弥足珍贵的资料。The folk songs of the Oroqen nationality make up for the lack of written history of the Oroqen people through generations of oral transmission. They present the social life of the Oroqen primitive hunting era in an artistic way, providing valuable materials for the study of ethnology, folklore, anthropology, ethnic religion, folk art and other aspects.
05 传承现状 Inheritance Status
在鄂伦春族地方政府大力扶持下，建立了鄂伦春族风情园民间艺术团，由单一的独唱形式发展到多人演唱，多声部演唱，演唱地点也发生了变化，由原来的自娱自乐形式转移到了各种大型活动、民族节日和演出中。Under the strong support of the Oroqen local government, the Folk Art Troupe of the Oroqen Folklore Garden is established. What’s more, the sing form has developed from solo form to multi-person singing and multi-part singing. Additionally, the singing place has also changed from the original form of self-entertainment to various large-scale activities, national festivals and performances.